Herbs & Supplements

References

Anon: Mistletoe. In: DerMarderosian A, Beutler JA, eds. Facts and Comparisons: The Review of Natural Products. St. Louis, MO, Facts and Comparisons. December 2001.

Bar-Sela G, Gershony A, Haim N. Mistletoe (Viscum album) preparations: an optional drug for cancer patients? [Article in Hebrew] Harefuah. 2006;145(1):42-46 and 77.

Bar-Sela G, Goldberg H, Beck D, Amit A, Kuten A. Reducing malignant ascites accumulation by repeated intraperitoneal administrations of a Viscum album extract. Anticancer Research. 2006 ;26(1B):709-713.

Bauer C, Oppel T, Rueff F, Przybilla B. Anaphylaxis to viscotoxins of mistletoe (Viscum album) extracts. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. 2005;94(1):86-89.

Beuth J, Ko HL, Schneider H, et al. Intratumoral application of standardized mistletoe extracts down regulates tumor weight via decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptosis and necrosis in a murine model. Anticancer Research. 2006;26(6B):4451-4456.

Bowman IA. Everlasting mistletoe and the cardiovascular system. HerbalGram 1992;26:16-20.

Braun JM, Ko HL, Schierholz JM, Weir D, Blackwell CC, Beuth J. Application of standardized mistletoe extracts augment immune response and down regulates metastatic organ colonization in murine models. Cancer Letter;170(1):25-31.

Burger AM, Mengs U, Kelter G, Schuler JB, Fiebig HH. No evidence of stimulation of human tumor cell proliferation by a standardized aqueous mistletoe extract in vitro. Anticancer Research. 2003;23(5A):3801-3806.

Bussing A. Immune modulation using mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(6A):508-515.

Burger AM, Mengs U, Schuler JB, Fiebig HH. Anticancer activity of an aqueous mistletoe extract (AME) in syngeneic murine tumor models. Anticancer Research. 2001;21(3B):1965-1968.

Bussing A, Rosenberger A, Stumpf C, Schietzel M. Development of lymphocyte subsets in tumor patients after subcutaneous administration of mistletoe extracts [Article in German]. Forsch Komplementarmed. 1999;6(4):196-204.

Bussing A, Schietzel M. Apoptosis-inducing properties of Viscum album L. extracts from different host trees, correlate with their content of toxic mistletoe lectins. Anticancer Research. 1999;19(1A):23-28.

Courtemanche J, Peterson RG. Beware the mistletoe. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2006;175(12):1523-1524.

Duong Van Huyen JP, Delignat S, Bayry J, et al. Interleukin-12 is associated with the in vivo anti-tumor effect of mistletoe extracts in B16 mouse melanoma. Cancer Letters. Epublished ahead of print. January 10, 2006.

Duong Van Huyen JP, Delignat S, Kazatchkine MD, Kaveri SV. Comparative study of the sensitivity of lymphoblastoid and transformed monocytic cell lines to the cytotoxic effects of Viscum album extracts of different origin. Chemotherapy. 2003;49(6):298-302.

Eggenschwiler J, Patrignani A, Wagner U, et al. Gene expression profiles of different breast cancer cells compared with their responsiveness to fermented mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador from oak (Quercus), pine (Pinus), white fir (Abies) and apple tree (Malus) in vitro. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(6A):483-496.

Elluru S, Van Huyen JP, Delignat S, et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(6A):461-466.

Elsasser-Beile U, Leiber C, Wetterauer U, et al. Adjuvant intravesical treatment with a standardized mistletoe extract to prevent recurrence of superficial urinary bladder cancer. Anticancer Research. 2005;25(6C):4733-4736.

Enesel MB, Acalovschi I, Grosu V, et al. Perioperative application of the Viscum album extract Isorel in digestive tract cancer patients. Anticancer Research. 2005;25(6C):4583-4590.

Ernst E. Mistletoe as a treatment for cancer. British Medical Journal. 2006;333(7582):1282-1283.

Ernst E, Schmidt K, Steuer-Vogt MK. Mistletoe for cancer? A systematic review of randomised [sic] clinical trials. International Journal of Cancer. 2003;107(2):262-267.

Frank U, Engels I, Wagner A, Lacour M, Daschner FD. Influence of mistletoe (Viscum album) extracts on phagocytosis/burst activity of human phagocytes. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2003;22(8):501-503.

Friess H, Beger HG, Kunz J, Funk N, Schilling M, Buchler MW. Treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer with mistletoe: results of a pilot trial. Anticancer Research. 1996;16(2):915-920.

Fritz P, Seizer-Schmidt R, Murdter TE, et al. Ligands for Viscum album agglutinin and galectin-1 in human lung cancer: is there any prognostic relevance? Acta Histochemie. 1999;101(3):239-253.

Giudici M, Poveda JA, Molina ML, et al. Antifungal effects and mechanism of action of viscotoxin A3. FEBS Journal. 2006;273(1):72-83.

Goebell PJ, Otto T, Suhr J, Rubben H. Evaluation of an unconventional treatment modality with mistletoe lectin to prevent recurrence of superficial bladder cancer: a randomized phase II trial. Journal of Urology. 2002;168(1):72-75.

Gorter RW, van Wely M, Reif M, Stoss M. Tolerability of an extract of European mistletoe among immunocompromised and healthy individuals. Alternative Therapy and Health Medicine. 1999;5(6):37-44 and 47-48.

Grossarth-Matichek R, Kiene H, Baumgartner SM, et al. Use of Iscador, an extract of European mistletoe (Viscum album), in cancer treatment: prospective nonrandomized and randomized matched-pair studies nested within a cohort study. Alternative Therapy and Health Medicine. 2001;7(3):57-78.

Grossarth-Maticek R, Ziegler R. Prospective controlled cohort studies on long-term therapy of breast cancer patients with a mistletoe preparation (Iscador). Forsch Komplementarmed. 2006;13(5):285-292.

Grossarth-Maticek R, Ziegler R. Randomised [sic] and non-randomised [sic]prospective controlled cohort studies in matched-pair design for the long-term therapy of breast cancer patients with a mistletoe preparation (Iscador): a re-analysis. European Journal of Medical Research. 2006;11(11):485-495.

Hajto T, Berki T, Palinkas L, Boldizsar F, Nemeth P. Effects of mistletoe extract on murine thymocytes in vivo and on glucocorticoid-induced cell count reduction. Forsch Komplementarmed. 2006;13(1):22-27.

Hajto T, Berki T, Palinkas L, Boldizsar F, Nemeth P. Investigation of the effect of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extract Iscador on the proliferation and apoptosis of murine thymocytes. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(6A):441-446.

Hajto T, Hostanska K, Saller R. Mistletoe therapy from the pharmacologic perspective [Article in German] Forsch Komplementarmed 1999;6(4):186-194.

Hall AH, Spoerke DG, Rumack BH. Assessing mistletoe toxicity. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1986;15(11):1320-1323.

Harmsma M, Ummelen M, Dignef W, Tusenius KJ, Ramaekers FC. Effects of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador on cell cycle and survival of tumor cells. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006 ;56(6A):474-482.

HealthNotes, Inc. Mistletoe. 2002. Available at: http://www.mycustompak.com/healthNotes/Herb/Mistlet oe.htm Accessed March 28, 2003.

Heinzerling L, von Baehr V, Liebenthal C, von Baehr R, Volk HD. Immunologic effector mechanisms of a standardized mistletoe extract on the function of human monocytes and lymphocytes in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. Journal of Clinical Immunology. 2006;26(4):347-359.

Huber R, Classen K, Werner M, Klein R. In vitro immunoreactivity towards lectin-rich or viscotoxin-rich mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador applied to healthy individuals. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(6A):447-456.

Huber R, Ludtke R, Klassen M, Muller-Buscher G, Wolff-Vorbeck G, Scheer R. Effects of a mistletoe preparation with defined lectin content on chronic hepatitis C: an individually controlled cohort study. European Journal of Medical Research. 2001;6(9):399-405.

Huber R, Rostock M, Goedl R, et al. Mistletoe treatment induces GM-CSF- and IL-5 production by PBMC and increases blood granulocyte- and eosinophil counts: a placebo controlled randomized study in healthy subjects. European Journal of Medical Research. 2005;10(10):411-418.

Huber R, Rostock M, Goedl R, Ludtke R, Urech K, Klein R. Immunologic effects of mistletoe lectins: a placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects. Journal of the Society of Integrated Oncology. 2006;4(1):3-7.

Hunziker-Basler N, Zuzak TJ, Eggenschwiler J, Rist L, Simoes-Wust AP, Viviani A. Prolonged cytotoxic effect of aqueous extracts from dried viscum album on bladder cancer cells. Pharmazie. 2007;62(3):237-238.

Kelter G, Fiebig HH. Absence of tumor growth stimulation in a panel of 26 human tumor cell lines by mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador in vitro. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(6A):435-440.

Kelter G, Schierholz JM, Fischer IU, Fiebig HH. Cytotoxic activity and absence of tumor growth stimulation of standardized mistletoe extracts in human tumor models in vitro. Anticancer Research. 2007;27(1A):223-233.

Jellin JM, Gregory P, Batz F, Hitchens K, et al, eds. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 3rd Edition. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2000.

Kleeberg UR, Suciu S, Brocker EB, et al. Final results of the EORTC 18871/DKG 80-1 randomised phase III trial. rIFN-alpha2b versus rIFN-gamma versus ISCADOR M(R) versus observation after surgery in melanoma patients with either high-risk primary (thickness >3 mm) or regional lymph node metastasis. European Journal of Cancer. 2004;40(3):390-402.

Klopp R, Schmidt W, Werner E, Werner M, Niemer W, Beuth J. Influence of complementary Viscum album (Iscador) administration on microcirculation and immune system of ear, nose and throat carcinoma patients treated with radiation and chemotherapy. Anticancer Research. 2005;25(1B):601-610.

Knopfl-Sidler F, Viviani A, Rist L, Hensel A. Human cancer cells exhibit in vitro individual receptiveness towards different mistletoe extracts. Pharmazie. 2005;60(6):448-454.

Kovacs E. Serum levels of IL-12 and the production of IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-4 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in cancer patients treated with Viscum album extract. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2000;54(6):305-310.

Kovacs E, Link S, Toffol-Schmidt U. Cytostatic and cytocidal effects of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) quercus extract Iscador. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(6A):467-473.

Krenzelok EP, Jacobsen TD, Aronis J. American mistletoe exposures. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1997;15(5):516-520.

Kunze E, Schulz H, Adamek M, Gabius HJ. Long-term administration of galactoside-specific mistletoe lectin in an animal model: no protection against N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats and no induction of a relevant local cellular immune response. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 2000;126(3):125-138.

Lavastre V, Chiasson S, Cavalli H, Girard D. Viscum album agglutinin-I (VAA-I) induces apoptosis and degradation of cytoskeletal proteins in human leukemia PLB-985 and X-CGD cells via caspases: lamin B1 is a novel target of VAA-I. Leukemia Research. 2005;29(12):1443-1453.

Mabed M, El-Helw L, Shamaa S. Phase II study of viscum fraxini-2 in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. British Journal of Cancer. 2004;90(1):65-69.

Maldacker J. Preclinical investigations with mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extract Iscador. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(6A):497-507.

Mansky PJ, Grem J, Wallerstedt DB, Monahan BP, Blackman MR. Mistletoe and gemcitabine in patients with advanced cancer: a model for the phase I study of botanicals and botanical-drug interactions in cancer therapy. Integrated Cancer Therapy. 2003;2(4):345-352.

Mossalayi MD, Alkharrat A, Malvy D. Nitric oxide involvement in the anti-tumor effect of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador on human macrophages. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(6A):457-460.

National Cancer Institute. Mistletoe extracts. Last Modified April 18, 2003. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/cam/mistletoe Accessed May 8, 2003.

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, Online Edition. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. Stockton CA: Therapeutic Research Facility, 2006. Available at: http://www.pharmacistsletter.com/(S(ulqz3s45omt3ag55um4kj345))/home.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=ND.

Onay-Ucar E, Karagoz A, Arda N. Antioxidant activity of Viscum album ssp. album. Fitoterapia. 2006;77(7-8):556-560.

Orhan DD, Aslan M, Sendogdu N, Ergun F, Yesilada E. Evaluation of the hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant activity of three Viscum album subspecies (European mistletoe) in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005;98(1-2):95-102.

Pryme IF, Bardocz S, Pusztai A, Ewen SW. Suppression of growth of tumour [sic] cell lines in vitro and tumours [sic] in vivo by mistletoe lectins. Histology and Histopathology. 2006;21(3):285-299.

Rostock M, Huber R, Greiner T, et al. Anticancer activity of a lectin-rich mistletoe extract injected intratumorally into human pancreatic cancer xenografts. Anticancer Research. 2005;25(3B):1969-1975.

Schink M, Troger W, Dabidian A, et al. Mistletoe extract reduces the surgical suppression of natural killer cell activity in cancer patients. a randomized phase III trial. Forsch Komplementarmed. 2007;14(1):9-17.

Schumacher K, Schneider B, Reich G, et al. Influence of postoperative complementary treatment with lectin-standardized mistletoe extract on breast cancer patients. A controlled epidemiological multicentric retrolective cohort study. Anticancer Research. 2003;23(6D):5081-5087.

Semiglazov VF, Stepula VV, Dudov A, Schnitker J, Mengs U. Quality of life is improved in breast cancer patients by Standardised [sic] Mistletoe Extract PS76A2 during chemotherapy and follow-up: a randomised [sic], placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre [sic] clinical trial. Anticancer Research. 2006;26(2B):1519-1529.

Shi ZM, Feng P, Jiang DQ, Wang XJ. Mistletoe alkali inhibits peroxidation in rat liver and kidney. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006;12(25):4052-4055.

Sood A, Barton DL, Bauer BA, Loprinzi CL. A critical review of complementary therapies for cancer-related fatigue. Integrated Cancer Therapy. 2007;6(1):8-13.

Spiller HA, Willias DB, Gorman SE, Sanftleban J. Retrospective study of mistletoe ingestion. Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Toxicology. 1996;34(4):405-408.

Stein GM, Berg PA. Characterisation [sic] of immunological reactivity of patients with adverse effects during therapy with an aqueous mistletoe extract. European Journal of Medical Research. 1999;4(5):169-177.

Stein GM, Pfuller U, Schietzel M, Bussing A. Intracellular expression of IL-4 and inhibition of IFN-gamma by extracts from European mistletoe is related to induction of apoptosis. Anticancer Research. 2000;20(5A):2987-2994.

Stoss M, van Wely M, Musielsky H, Gorter RW. Study on local inflammatory reactions and other parameters during subcutaneous mistletoe application in HIV-positive patients and HIV-negative subjects over a period of 18 weeks. Arzneimittelforschung. 1999;49(4):366-373.

Steuer-Vogt MK, Bonkowsky V, Ambrosch P, et al. The effects of adjuvant mistletoe treatment programme [sic] in resected head and neck cancer patients: a randomised [sic] controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Cancer. 2001;37(1):9-11.

Stumpf C, Rosenberger A, Rieger S, Troger W, Schietzel M. Mistletoe extracts in the therapy of malignant, hematological and lymphatic diseases--a monocentric, retrospective analysis over 16 years [Article in German] Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 2000;7(3):139-146.

Stumpf C, Rosenberger A, Rieger S, Troger W, Schietzel M, Stein GM. Retrospective study of malignant melanoma patients treated with mistletoe extracts. [Article in German] Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd. 2003;10(5):248-255.

Styczynski J, Wysocki M. Alternative medicine remedies might stimulate viability of leukemic cells. Pediatric Blood Cancers. 2006;46(1):94-98.

Tenorio FA, del Valle L, Gonzalez A, Pastelin G. Vasodilator activity of the aqueous extract of Viscum album. Fitoterapia. 2005;76(2):204-209.

Tenorio-Lopez FA, Valle Mondragon LD, Olvera GZ, Torres Narvaez JC, Pastelin G. Viscum album aqueous extract induces NOS-2 and NOS-3 overexpression in Guinea pig hearts. Natural Product Research. 2006;20(13):1176-1182.

Tusenius KJ, Spoek AM, van Hattum J. Exploratory study on the effects of treatment with two mistletoe preparations on chronic hepatitis C. Arzneimittelforschung. 2005;55(12):749-753.

Urech K, Buessing A, Thalmann G, Schaefermeyer H, Heusser P. Antiproliferative effects of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extract in urinary bladder carcinoma cell lines. Anticancer Research. 2006;26(4B):3049-3055.

Urech K, Schaller G, Jaggy C. Viscotoxins, mistletoe lectins and their isoforms in mistletoe (Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(6A):428-434.

van Wely M, Stoss M, Gorter RW. Toxicity of a standardized mistletoe extract in immunocompromised and healthy individuals. American Journal of Therapy. 1999;6(1):37-43.

Yoon TJ, Yoo YC, Kang TB, et al. Antitumor activity of the Korean mistletoe lectin is attributed to activation of macrophages and NK cells. Archives of Pharmaceutical Research. 2003;26(10):861-867.

Zarkovic N, Kalisnik T, Loncaric I, et al. Comparison of the effects of Viscum album lectin ML-1 and fresh plant extract (Isorel) on the cell growth in vitro and tumorigenicity of melanoma B16F10. Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmacology. 1998;13(2):121-131.

Zuzak TJ, Rist L, Eggenschwiler J, Grotzer MA, Viviani A. Paediatric [sic] medulloblastoma cells are susceptible to Viscum album (Mistletoe) preparations. Anticancer Research. 2006;26(5A):3485-3492.

Last Revised May 16, 2007